Definition and Examples of Defective Verbs in English

In English grammar, defective verb is a traditional term for a  verb that doesnt exhibit all the typical forms of a conventional  verb.   English modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and  would)  are defective in that they lack distinctive  third-person singular and nonfinite forms.  Ã‚   As illustrated  below, discussions of defective verbs commonly  appeared in 19th-century school grammars; however,  modern linguists and grammarians rarely use the term. David Crystals Take In grammar, [defective is] a traditional description of words which do not display all the rules of the class to which they belong. The English modal verbs, for example, are defective in that they do not permit the usual range of verb forms, such as an infinitive or participle forms (*to may,  *shalling, etc.). Because of its pejorative connotations in general usage, the term needs to be used cautiously. It tends to be avoided  in modern linguistic analysis (which talks more in terms of irregular forms and exceptions to rules), but will be encountered in studies of linguistic historiography. The distinction between defective and irregular needs to be appreciated: a defective form is a missing form; an irregular form is present, but does not conform to the rule governing the class to which it belongs.(David Crystal, A  Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008) Beware and Begone Some verbs are termed  defective;  they are such as want some of the parts ordinarily ascribed to verbs.  Beware  is a  defective verb being  used  only  in the imperative or to give a caution. . . .  Begone  may be accounted another  defective verb  like  beware.  Begone  is a compound, made up of  be  and  gone,  that is  get  away; and  beware  is composed of  be  and  ware  found in  aware,  and  wary.(John R. Beard, Lessons in English, LXII. The Popular Educator, Vol. 3, 1860) The Defective  Copula Is A defective verb  is one which has not all the usual verbal forms.  Is, the copula, is irregular. It is also defective as it has no imperative or autonomous forms, no verbal noun or verbal adjective.(Irish-English/English-Irish Easy Reference Dictionary. Roberts Rinehart, 1998) George Campbell on the Defective Verb Ought [I]n order to express the past with the  defective verb ought, we must use the perfect of the infinitive, and say for example, he ought to have done it; this in that verb being the only possible way of distinguishing the past from the present.(George Campbell, The Philosophy of Rhetoric, Volume 1, 1776) Discussions of Defective Verbs in 19th-Century School  Grammars What do you mean by a  Defective Verb?A  Defective Verb  is a Verb that is imperfect; that is, that cannot be conjugated through all the Moods and Tenses; such as the Verb Ought, which has  just been repeated.Which are the Defective Verbs?The Auxiliary Verbs are in general defective, because they have not any Participles; neither do they admit another helping Verb to be placed before them.Repeat the Defective Verbs.The Defective Verbs are, Do, Shall, Will, Can, May, Let, Must, Ought.How are the Defective Verbs used?They are always joined to the Infinitive Mood of some other Verb; as for example, I dare say, I ought to learn my lesson.Must implies necessity, as I  must do well, i.e. it is necessary that I should, or I am obliged to do so: why? because I ought, i.e. it is my duty to do well.Are the Auxiliary Verbs Have, and Am, or Be, Defective Verbs?No; they are  perfect, and formed like other Verbs.(Ellin Devis,  The Accidence, or, First Rudiments of English Grammar, 17 th ed., 1825) A List of Defective Verbs Defective verbs are those that can be used only in some particular modes and tenses. They are few in number and are as follows: ambeencancouldmaymightshallshouldwaswillwould Various Discussions on Defective Verbs Love  is not a  defective  verb;  you can use it in any mood and tense. You can say, I love, I loved, I have loved, I had loved, I shall or will love, I shall have loved, I may, can or must love: but  can  is a  defective verb.  You can say  I  can,  but you cannot say I have can, I had can, I shall can or will can,  I  may  can,  or  must  can.(J.H. Hull,  Lectures on the English Language: Comprehending the Principles and Rules of  Syntactical Parsing on a  New and Highly Improved System,  8th ed., 1834) A  defective  verb  is that which wants some of the modes and tenses; while an  irregular  verb  has all the modes and tenses, though  irregularly  formed.(Rufus William Bailey,  English Grammar: A Simple, Concise, and Comprehensive Manual of the English  Language,  10th ed., 1855)   Verbs which are not used in all the moods and tenses are called Defective. But the student must not  suppose  from this that Defective constitutes a separate or fourth class  of verb. This is not at all the case.  Quoth,  for  example,  is a  Defective  verb, but also Intransitive. Again wit is a Defective verb, but also Transitive. Again, may is a Defective verb, but also Auxiliary.(John Collinson Nesfield,  English Grammar Past and Present: With Appendices on Prosody, Synonyms, and  Other Outlying Subjects, 1898)

The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life - An Overview

The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life is a book that was published in the U.S. in 1959, written by sociologist  Erving Goffman. In it, Goffman uses the imagery of theater in order to portray the nuances and significance of face-to-face social interaction. Goffman puts forth a theory of social interaction that he refers to as the dramaturgical model of social life. According to Goffman, social interaction may be likened to a theater, and people in everyday life to actors on a stage, each playing a variety of roles. The audience consists of other individuals who observe the role-playing and react to the performances. In social interaction, like in theatrical performances, there is  a front stage region where the actors are on stage  before  an audience, and their consciousness of that audience and the audiences expectations for the role they should play influence the actors behavior. There is also a back region, or backstage, where individuals can relax, be themselves, and the role or identity that they play when they are in front of others. Central to the book and Goffmans theory is the idea that people, as they interact together in social settings, are constantly engaged in the process of impression management, wherein each tries to present themselves and behave in a way that will prevent the  embarrassment of themselves or others. This is primarily done by each person that is part of the interaction working to ensure that all parties have the same definition of the situation, meaning that all understand what is meant to happen in that situation, what to expect from the others involved, and thus how they themselves should behave. Though written over half a century ago,  The Presentation of Self in Everday Life  remains one of the most famous and widely taught sociology books, which was listed as the 10th most important sociology book of the twentieth century by the International Sociological Association in 1998. Performance Goffman uses the term ‘performance’ to refer to all the activity of an individual in front of a particular set of observers, or audience. Through this performance, the individual, or actor, gives meaning to themselves, to others, and to their situation. These performances deliver impressions to others, which communicates  information that confirms the identity of the actor in that situation. The actor may or may not be aware of their performance or have an objective for their performance, however, the audience is constantly attributing meaning to it and to the actor. Setting The setting for the performance includes the scenery, props, and location in which the interaction takes place. Different settings will have different audiences and will thus require the actor to alter his performances for each setting. Appearance Appearance functions to portray to the audience the performer’s social statuses. Appearance also tells us of the individual’s temporary social state or role, for example, whether he is engaging in work (by wearing a uniform), informal recreation, or a formal social activity. Here, dress and props serve to communicate things that have socially ascribed meaning, like gender, status, occupation, age, and personal commitments. Manner Manner refers to how the individual plays the role and functions to warn the audience of how the performer will act or seek to act in a  role (for example, dominant, aggressive, receptive, etc.). Inconsistency and contradiction between appearance and manner may occur and will confuse and upset an audience. This can happen, for example, when one does not present himself or behave in accordance with his perceived social status or position. Front The actor’s front, as labeled by Goffman, is the part of the individual’s performance which functions to define the situation for the audience. It is the image or impression he or she gives off to the audience. A social front can also be thought of like a script. Certain social scripts tend to become institutionalized in terms of the stereotyped expectations it contains. Certain situations or scenarios have social scripts that suggest how the actor should behave or interact in that situation. If the individual takes on a task or role that is new to him, he or she may find that there are already several well-established fronts among which he must choose. According to Goffman, when a task is given a new front or script, we rarely find that the script itself is completely new. Individuals commonly use pre-established scripts to follow for new situations, even if it is not completely appropriate or desired for that situation. Front Stage, Back Stage, and Off Stage In stage drama, as in everyday interactions, according to Goffman, there are three regions, each with different effects on an individual’s performance: front stage, backstage, and off-stage. The front stage is where the actor formally performs and adheres to conventions that have particular  meaning for the audience. The actor knows he or she is being watched and acts accordingly. When in the backstage  region, the actor may behave differently than when in front of the audience on the front stage. This is where the individual truly gets to be herself and get rid of the roles that she plays when she is in front of other people. Finally, the off-stage region is where individual actors meet the audience members independently of the team performance on the front stage. Specific performances may be given when the audience is segmented as such.

Despite its continuous aging, the epic poem Beowulf is...

Despite its continuous aging, the epic poem Beowulf is still currently discussed in modern day English courses, allowing the reader to unfold and discuss certain literary themes associated throughout the epic poem. One arguable theme associated with the Anglo-Saxon styled poem is that if a great warrior can also be a prominent ruler of their land or not. A warrior is usually associated with being victorious in challenging situations, automatically associating themselves as being a great leader or king of a kingdom. However, heroic actions cannot simply determine a great leader, but rather the character’s traits unique to each great warrior which are needed to produce a great leader. Traits such as: god like strength, courage to†¦show more content†¦However Beowulf displayed vital traits needed in a great leader. At his lowest point, Beowulf still gave his all; never accepting defeat. Accepting a taunting task such as this swim requires enough courage as is, but to carry threw and be victorious demands a great respect none can share. This plays into being a great leader when faced with harmful conflict. During times of low moral, many look directly to their leadership to gain motivation. With Beowulf having such great strength and courage second to none, it would allow him to make decisions that would instill confidence and motivation in his men, likely allowing victory to follow. Coinciding with courage and strength, both loyalty and courtesy are two other key elements that lay at the core of being both a great warrior and leader. Beowulf perfectly exemplifies these two traits in his willingness to help Hrothgar and his current need for help. What proves his loyalty doesn’t come straight from his heart, but rather the past and Hrothgar’s history with Beowulf’s father. In order to resolve a gruesome blood feud between the Wulfings and Ecgtheow, Hrothgar paid a sum of money to settle their differences. Hrothgar ex plains, â€Å"This man is their son,/ here to follow up an old friendship† (375-376). Although Beowulf has no obligation to Hrothgar, he understands the sacrifice that was made for his father and is grateful for his past help. Therefore assisting in the slaying of a

Essay on The Significance of Soliloquy in Shakespeares...

Soliloquy in Shakespeare’s work allows us, as readers and/or as an audience, to dive in a character’s mind. It is that extra view that makes us see what the characters in Shakespeare’s work can’t see. In this particular soliloquy from Act III sc. 1 lines 48-72, we witness a sad soliloquy as it shows Macbeth’s growing detachment from humanity due to his guilt conscience that keeps coming back. The soliloquy shows he is never at peace ever since he broke the laws of nature but takes it a step further when he starts cutting ties with his close friend, Banquo who is known for his wisdom, and leads us to think what Macbeth could possibly do next. The soliloquy starts with Macbeth’s reflection after he became king, ‘to be thus is nothing,†¦show more content†¦Interestingly enough, Macbeth still portraits Banquo as a loyal, wise man. ‘In his royalty of nature’ (Macbeth, Act III, sc. 1 line 51) Macbeth is obviously jealous of Banquo, who has an innocence he is longing for but never would get due to this vaulting ambition and desire for more. We can notice that throughout this play, Shakespeare makes a clean image of Banquo; he is the good guy all the way through and is only a good friend. We notice Banquo has risked nothing and Macbeth has done all the work for him, this only enrages Macbeth who realizes Banquo is the only beneficiary being in Macbeth’s attempt to be king. This emphasizes Banquo’s image as the good one who has good things happening to him and reinforces the general universal statement that being good is good. Up to this point in the play, we have witnessed how Macbeth has slowly begun to detach himself from being human. This soliloquy, like mentioned, is a big step into his detachment. Macbeth’s mind remarkably got the best of him and he begins to cut ties with his close friend, Banquo. Macbeth recalls the prophecy and we see that through the soliloquy, Macbeth expands his insecurity and acknowledges he has no children which exposes a threat to the royal descent that is to come. We can follow that Macbeth takes the prophecy quite seriously and that it is the driving force to his words and his will to defy fate. After analyzing Macbeth’s words and understanding hisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of My Last Duchess By Robert Browning And A Woman s Lover 1712 Words   |  7 Pagessupernatural, reality and appearance, played a role in the way events occurred and how they have affected the marriage between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. 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This can be seen through numerous characters most vitally through Macbeth himself, but also through the fascinating character that is the Porter/Seyton. The playwright also develops an impeccably and overwhelmingly morbid overlyingRead MoreThe Imagery Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare980 Words   |  4 PagesThe imagery of Macbeth institutes a dark, evil aura that surrounds nearly every aspect of the play. Images of evil beings, murder, as well as the natural and supernatural help to set this sinister mood throughout the play. The three witches are a dominant source of evil in Macbeth. They are the first characters introduced, emphasizing their significance in the play as well as their aura of darkness. 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Banquo is back in the royal castle of Forres, and we find out, that he has been observing the recent events and is aware of the witches prophecies. This prompts him to wonder if the prophecy made to him by the witches may also come true. Meanwhile, Macbeth fears that Banquo and his son Fleance may be an obstacle to him and plans Read MoreAnalytical Essay of Macbeth1402 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare uses vivid and powerful forms of imagery to let the audience visualize the setting. Lady Macbeth is portrayed as a strong woman who is attracted to power and would do anything to be in control; she is anything but an elegant and sensitive woman. After the bloodshed begins, however, Lady Macbeth falls an easy prey  to insanity and guilt. Her soliloquy (5.1.24-30)  shows her decline  into madness when she says,â€Å"out damned spot...† There are many examples of visual and aural imagery throughoutRead MoreEssay on Tension in Act 2 Scene 2 of William Shakespeares Macbeth1620 Words   |  7 PagesTension in Act 2 Scene 2 of William Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth was written in1605; this was a period where there was a great interest in witchcraft and the supernatural. Many people including James I were scared and confused by ideas of the supernatural. The opening scene would in itself create tension amongst the audience, as it would suggest a play full of evil and lies, and also a theme of opposites and contrasts which occurs in the play, Fair is foul, and foulRead MoreEssay Macbeth Themes: Fair Is Foul and Foul Is Fair900 Words   |  4 PagesThe theme of ‘Fair is foul, foul is fair’ permeates throughout the play Macbeth. 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The Enlightment and the Role of Women in Society Free Essays

The Enlightenment and the Role of Women in Society The Age of Enlightenment was a large cultural movement of educated individuals around the 17th and 18th centuries. The purpose of the Enlightenment was to challenges ideas that were rooted in faith and tradition, mold society using reason, and advance knowledge through a new scientific method. Different societies rose during this time period and discussed a wide range of topics. We will write a custom essay sample on The Enlightment and the Role of Women in Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now One widely discussed topic was the role of women in society. Societies mainly debated over the role of women in the public sphere. Two documents, specifically, had a great impact on the Enlightenment era. The first of the two, being Petition of Women of the Third Estate to the King, was written by a group of working women who addressed the King simply asking for a better education and to be enlightened in order to be better wives and mothers. The next document, from Condorcet, radically insisted that women should gain political rights like men. Although these two documents both had impact during the Enlightenment, they varied in principles and amount of effectiveness during the period of the French Revolution. The French Revolution culminated things such as the middle class and the grievances of women. On January 1, 1789, the King was shown the Petition of Women of the Third Estate to the King. These rights demanded by the women included the right to a decent education, and the right to earn a respectable living, avoiding the road to prostitution. These demands were far from radical and the petition made it specifically clear that they were not asking for equality with men. The women explained, â€Å"We ask to be enlightened, to have work, not in order to usurp men’s authority, but in order to be better esteemed by them. The Petition of Women depicted a society that accepted social roles, understands the importance of education and had steadfast faith in their king. This group has accepted the French society’s pre-chosen position for women. Women in the Petition seem perfectly aware of France’s specific role for them. They speak quite frankly about their role in Frenc h society, almost to a point where it feels as if they are happy to be in their current position. They recognize they are â€Å"continual objects of the admiration and scorn of men† and they do not attempt to change the status quo. Instead, these women seem willing to comply with society’s expectations, as long as there is a form of profit directed toward them. Indeed, they explicitly state, â€Å"To prevent social ills, Sire, we ask that men not be allowed, under any pretext, to exercise trades that are the prerogative of women – whether as seamstress, embroiderer, millinery shopkeeper, etc. etc. ; if we are left at least the with the needle and spindle, we promise never to handle the compass or the square. They understand that society is treating them unequally and they believe that accepting society’s norms and receiving a form of gratification is better than fighting over something out of reach and receive nothing. The women’s argument ended up to be quite successful through their respectful tone to the King and the modest requests. They carefully insisted that they did not want to become equal with men and simply wanted education and enlightenment. They also use a large amount of flattery in order to lighten the King’s mood. The women express themselves to the King by saying things like â€Å"the love we have for your majesty† and how â€Å"we see in you only a tender father, for whom we would give our lives a thousand times. † With these small requests and the women’s adulation toward the King, the overall argument seems like it would be fairly strong during the period of the French Revolution. In the document On the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship, Condorcet argued for the political rights of women, something no revolutionist had ever dared to do before. He acknowledged that woman were equal in humanity through reason and justice. Condorcet rejected the idea that women’s physical differences were a good enough reason to reject them of their civil and political rights. Although he did in fact recognize women’s limitations, not in gender, but in the lack of education and different circumstances. Many that are opposed of these statements also argue that giving women political rights would disrupt the social order, assuming that women would abandon their domestic affairs. He reassures those by saying, â€Å"It is natural for a woman to nurse her children, to care for them in their infancy; attached to her home by these cares, weaker than a man, it is also natural that she lead a more retiring, more domestic life. Women would therefore be in the same class with men who are obliged by their station or profession to work several hours a day. † Although the effectiveness of Condorcet’s document seems sound in today’s society, back during French Revolution period, this would be considered fairly weak. These types of statements were highly due to the beliefs that women possessed certain characteristics that perfectly matched them to their domestic duties. Women were deemed unqualified for a voice in the political realm because of their much great proneness to feelings, flawed rationality, and weaker sense of justice. Although this campaign ended unsuccessful, women did benefit from many of the changes that happened in matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance. Women in the Enlightenment were extremely limited due to society’s preconceived notions. Documents like On the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship and Petition of Women of the Third Estate to the King gave society new ideas and philosophies that have never been revealed before. Although much of the document’s intentions failed, they opened the eyes of society and society took its first step into gaining the ability to reason about sexual differences and one day grant women the full rights of citizenship. How to cite The Enlightment and the Role of Women in Society, Essay examples

Dbq International Role of Europe free essay sample

The international role of Europe underwent many changes from the Post-Classical to the Early Modern era. 1)First, in the early Post-Classical era (450-1000) Europe’s international role was constrained mainly to trading in the Mediterranean Sea while Christianity spread to places such as Russia, and overall the role of Europeans internationally was rather isolated; then, in the late Post-Classical era (1000-1450) the international role of Europe was heightened as trading through the Silk Road was increased and the crusades brought European Christians to new locations such as the Middle East and Asia, however, maritime technology had still not come far enough to allow long sea voyages for trading and exploration; finally in the Early Modern era (1450-1750) Europe’s international role reached new limits as new technologies allowed it to sail to and colonize new lands such as the Americas, parts of Africa, and Asia, and Europe underwent many revolutions such as the Renaissa nce that allowed it to take advantage of the â€Å"power vacuum† that China had left behind and become the next great world power. We will write a custom essay sample on Dbq: International Role of Europe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2)In the early years of the Post-Classical era (450-1000) Europe’s international role was not very significant and the little trading that it did take part in, was mainly handled by Italians who were in control of the Mediterranean Sea. (3)International interaction was also shown through the conversion of the Russian prince, Vladimir I, to Christianity around the end of the 10th century. This widened the global connections of Europe because it intertwined Russia into European culture. (2)For the most part however, Europe kept mostly to themselves in the early Post-Classical. (3)They promoted increased trading between northern and southern Europe, but maritime technology was not advanced enough to support long sea voyages to places such as India or Africa. In comparison to other civilizations, such as the Chinese and the Arabs, Europeans were considered to be a backward civilization of this time period. (4)Europe was in a period of recovery after the fall of the Roman Empire. They were in what was also called the â€Å"Medieval Age† where much philosophy and trade had decreased form the Classical period. The role of merchants in China and the Middle East were far greater than those of Europe. (5)The trading habits of Post-Classical Europe are very much like those of the Early-Modern Chinese. Both had limitations on trading and were rather isolated from the larger world network that was going on at that time. 2)In the late years of Post-Classical Europe (1000-1450), the international role of the Europe heightened. Trade grew immensely with Asia and the Middle East through the Silk Road, and the crusades enabled Christians to experience new distant locations in the Middle East. (3)The rise of Mongol power in the 13th century incre ased trade throughout much of Eurasia. (5)This had many positive effects such as the adoption of paper manufacturing. This was an invention of the Chinese, which was then passed on to the Middle East, and finally adopted by Italians in the 13th century. Europe’s expanding international presence also led to cultural and intellectual exchanges. Europe adopted mathematics (which includes the number system) from Arabs, which they had learned previously from the Indians. Europeans also expanded on their philosophical thoughts by reacting to Arab philosophies. The role of Mediterranean trade continued to increase and Italian merchants began trading European cloth in exchange for more refined goods from the East. As international contacts were becoming increasingly important in Europe, commercial alliances such as the Hanseatic League were developed to promote trade. However, there were also negative aspects of Europe’s increased international role like the spread of diseases such as the bubonic plague in the 14th century. This ended up wiping out nearly one third of Europe’s population. 4)In comparison to the early Post-Classical era, the late Post-Classical era fostered increased over-land trade. This brought an increasing amount of inventions and innovations from places such as China and India to Europe. However , some things did not change from the early to the late Post-Classical. One of these was that maritime technology was still not at a level that would allow for long sea voyages. This continued to keep Europeans from undertaking quicker trade routes to India and colonizing lands overseas such as the Americas. (2)In the Early Modern Era (1450-1750), Europe reached new limits in its international role as new maritime technologies allowed it to cross seas such as the Atlantic and colonize new lands. 3)The Early-Modern Period began with the launch of Spanish and Portuguese explorations in the Americas, Africa and Asia. These initial explorations and colonizations cleared the path for France, England, and Holland to begin their own explorations in the 16th century. Along with the colonization of new lands, Europe also underwent many revolutions including the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and the Scientific Revolution. (5)This along with the new wealth that Europe was earning from its co lonies set Europe on the right path to becoming the next world power. European merchants had increased their trade tremendously and were at the point of overtaking Muslim merchants. Chinese merchants also lost their role as significant international traders when in 1433 the Chinese emperors called to the halt of international expeditions. After this, the Chinese became an isolated country for the most part and left the world in a sort of â€Å"power vacuum†. (5)This left the door open for Europe to become the most dynamic new force of the world. The Spanish and Portuguese conquered much of South America and also places in Indonesia. (4)Europe had become and extremely global society and had contacts everywhere from the Americas to Japan. In fact, Europeans set up trading ports along the west coast of Africa, several parts of the Indian subcontinent, and islands of Southeast Asia in the 17th century. They also set up Western Enclaves in important trading cities such as Moscow in Russia and the Dutch even got access to Nagasaki in Japan. This new authority in trade shows how Europe’s international role has increased in the Early Modern era. (4)The role of Europe changed tremendously from the Post-Classical period to the Early-Modern period. Many revolutions in Europe going on between these two time periods, such as the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment provided Europeans with new innovations that allowed them to expand their empire beyond Eurasia. (5)The expansion to places such as the Americas, Indonesia, East Asia and Africa allowed for the spread of European culture around the globe. For the first time in history the world has become a truly â€Å"global trade network† due to Europe’s incorporation of Polynesia and the Americas. (4)Europe came from being a backward society in the early Post-Classical still recovering from the fall of the Roman empire, to becoming more involved in over-land trade in the late Post-Classical to becoming one of the most influential world powers in the Early-Modern period. (5)This is a trend that is still seen in present-time. The Western world of this age has one of the world’s most stable governments and wealthiest economies. This can all traced back through history to the eras where Europe increased its international role, thereby increasing its power.

Accounting Standards for Financial Reporting - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Standards for Financial Reporting Quality. Answer: Objectives and general purpose of financial reporting The chief purpose of financial reporting is to develop a framework on which the various measurements are going to be done. The financial statement is going to provide key information regarding the business of the entity depending on which the various stakeholders can decide on conducting business with the company especially regarding investing or providing credit to the company. Other functions like buying of the shares of a company selling of the shares of a company or holding the shares until the right period also depends on the information that is provided by the financial statement of the company(Barth and Landsman, 2010). It is important for potential lenders or investors in a company to have a concept regarding the business of the company and the possible gains or risks that the investor faces by investing in the company. They are generally the purpose of formation of the financial reporting. As much as it is true that the financial reports are meant for the creditors, lenders and investors in a company it can be stated that there are various other information that need to be checked before investing in a company and a financial report doesnt provide all those information. The management of a company is also interested in checking the financial information but they can gather information regarding the financial information from other sources as well. The financial reports are checked by the auditors both internal and external to check the transparency of the organisation though the auditors have access to all sorts of information apart from the financial statement. The financial is not always dependent on the exact information rather they are dependent on estimation and possible judgements (Chen et al. 2011). But still the financial report of a company has a strong impact on the image of the company in the market and in turn impacts the rate of investment. Disclosure requirement There are certain disclosure requirements for the financial statement for plant property and equipment. The disclosure requirements have been reduced according the Australian accounting system in the recent times. The method used for determining the carrying amount, methods used for the calculation of depreciation and rate of the same has to be disclosed in the financial statement, impairment losses in regards to profit and loss, the restriction on PPE that is pledged by the company, the amount of money that is promised in any sort of contract, the cost for dismantling or restoring or removing on any of the PPE are to be disclosed in the financial statement etc (Cheng et al. 2013). There are certain new relaxations on the disclosure in the PPE. The amount of money that is considered as carrying during the time of the construction of the PPE is not mandatory for the company to disclose in the financial statement. There has to be no separate mention of comprehensive income in case there is compensation form a third party for impairment or loss of a PPE. Quanta airway is one of the airline companies in Australia. The company is one of the renowned chains of airlines in Australia. The quanta airways in enlisted in the Australian stock exchange. The total valuation of the company is a$2 billion. The necessity for disclosure or the following of the disclosure requirement of PPE as per AASB 116 is a requirement of this company. The annual report of the financial year 2016 represents the scope of asset management of the company. the disclosure of the annual report of quanta airways doesnt discloses the asset that are being repaired or maintained by the company as per the new relaxation criteria. It holds the quarter of the total airline market in Australia. The annual report mentions the total amount of assets held by the company to be of 2914034 million dollar and shows the total liability to be 1357193 which gives a positive impact of the company as it has more assets than liability (www.qantas.com.au). More asset than liability means t he company has the capacity to pay back its debts quicker. Depreciation rate of the plant and machinery of the airliners are dependent on the life of the asset. Most of the assets of the airlines have a life of 10 to 12 years. The depreciation rate of the plants and machinery of the quanta airways has been mentioned as 20 per cent. The amount of total asset has been mentioned but no separate information regarding properties has been mentioned in the annual report. Qualitative characteristics of financial information There are various qualitative aspects of financial information. This qualitative characteristic gives importance to each of the products according to their value or hierarchical status. The most important part of the qualitative characteristic is the use of the data. The usefulness of the data is dependent on the ability to understand the information that is conveyed through the financial statement. This includes two chief aspects that are the reliability of the information and the relevance of the information in the financial statement. The relevance of data is dependent on certain aspects like the predictive quality of the data, the feedback value of the data and the line. The reliability on the other hand is dependent on the aspects like the ability to verify the data, the neutrality of the data, and the proper representation of the data. These are the primary qualities of the data and the secondary quality of the data involves the comparability and the consistency of the data. Th ere are basically. One of the qualitative characteristics of the financial statement is the predictive value. Predictive value is relevant information for the investors of the company. The company in its annual report mentions the total amount of asset owned by the company as well as the total amount of plant and machinery owned by the company (Lennard, 2007). The total amount of asset gives an assurance to the company regarding the financial status of the company. The prediction regarding the investment on the shares of the company or a decision regarding a purchase of a general share or a preference share can be impacted by the disclosure of the total asset. PPE and general purpose financial reporting As mentioned before one of the chief function of the financial statement disclosed in the annual report is to help the investors or creditors regarding taking decision regarding the financial status of the entity on which an investors is planning to invest. The amount of asset of the company that is disclosed in the annual report of the company suggested that there are numerous assets of the company and thus a investor can easily decide in making investment as companies with high amount of assets can be considered as a safe option to invest. The financial report states the reliability of the company. The financial report and its indication regarding its property, plants and machinery can also sends an indication regarding the financial health of the company. The total asset of the company and the total liability and its balance if in positive makes the company a sound investment option (Christensen and Nikolaev 2013). The financial conditions of the quanta airways makes it a great op tion to make investment as it has more assets than ratio and has a capacity to pay back its investors. The property plant and equipment contributes in the total asset of the company which is a deciding factor in making financial decision. Reference List Barth, M.E. and Landsman, W.R., 2010. How did financial reporting contribute to the financial crisis?.European accounting review,19(3), pp.399-423. Chen, F., Hope, O.K., Li, Q. and Wang, X., 2011. Financial reporting quality and investment efficiency of private firms in emerging markets.The accounting review,86(4), pp.1255-1288. Cheng, M., Dhaliwal, D. and Zhang, Y., 2013. Does investment efficiency improve after the disclosure of material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting?.Journal of Accounting and Economics,56(1), pp.1-18. Christensen, H.B. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?.Review of Accounting Studies,18(3), pp.734-775. Lennard, A., 2007. Stewardship and the objectives of financial statements: a comment on IASB's preliminary views on an improved conceptual framework for financial reporting: the objective of financial reporting and qualitative characteristics of decision-useful financial reporting information.Accounting in Europe,4(1), pp.51-66. www.qantas.com.au (2017) Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/corporateGovernance/2016AnnualReport.pdf [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017].

Memoirs Of Sherlock Holmes, Written By Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Is A Co

Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is a collection of Sherlock Holmes short stories. ?Silver Blaze?, ?The Yellow Face?, ?The Stock-Broker's Clerk?, ?The ?Gloria Scott'?, ?The Musgrave Ritual?, ?The Reigate Puzzle?, ?The Crooked Man?, ?The Resident Patient?, ?The Greek Interpreter?, ?The Naval Treaty?, and ?The Final Problem? are included. A lot of information about Holmes and Watson is included in this collection. There is some information which is shocking, and other information which might have been expected. These stories also include some of Holmes' most memorable adventures. I suppose this is why they call it Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. ?Silver Blaze? actually has two mysteries: the disappearance of a famous horse, Silver Blaze, and the murder of its trainer. When Holmes and Watson hear about this, they go to check it out, with Colonel Ross, the owner of the horse, and Inspector Gregory. The foursome travels to the scene of the crimes: where Silver Blaze had last been seen and the body of the trainer was found, lying on the ground. They find nothing there, and after the colonel and the inspector leave Holmes and Watson at the crime scene, they find footprints a little ways off. The footprints are of a horse. They follow the footprints and find that a little farther they are joined by the footprints of a man. Following these set of tracks, the detective and the doctor are lead to Mapleton stables, which are the only other stables in the area besides the one where the horse lived. Holmes has a talk with the owner in private and finds that he does have Silver Blaze. After some negotiating the owner promises to let the horse ride in the races the next day, and then give him back to the owner. Holmes makes Watson promise to not tell anyone about their victory just yet, and he does readily. The next day the colonel, the inspector, Holmes, and Watson are watching the races. However, they do not see Silver Blaze anywhere. When one of the races is done, and there is a short intermission, they go around to the back where all the horses are kept during the day of the race. They find Silver Blaze to have been disguised. Holmes then explains how it was that the horse's trainer had been killed. It seems that the trainer had wanted to do some sort of operation on the horse so he would run slower in the race, Lord knows why he wanted to do that. He had taken the horse into the middle of a field with a surgery knife. The trainer had tried to perform the operation, which was to be done on the backside of the horse. However, the horse had felt the knife cut into his body and kicked his trainer right in the head with his hind leg. This and the fact that the knife which the trainer had been holding had cut him severely on his leg had killed him. ?The Yellow Face? is one of the rare, unknown cases where Holmes turns out to be wrong. Another interesting truth learned in this case is that Holmes occasionally used cocaine! However, when these stories were written, it wasn't known that cocaine can kill you, so we can't blame Holmes because he didn't know. A man comes to Holmes and Watson's house, asking for advice and an answer. The man explains that some new people had moved into the house next door to his home, where he lived with his wife. When he had knocked on the new neighbor's door, he was answered by a woman who was very harsh to him. She wouldn't let him go inside the house, and she shut the door in his face. When he started to walk home, he just happened to glance at one of the upstairs windows of the house. He saw a yellowish, livid-colored, expressionless face staring straight at him. He was very spooked, and hurried home. That night, at about two in the morning, he woke up and noticed his wife getting dressed. Preten ding he was still asleep, he watched her walk out of the bedroom door, and he heard the front